C2 darajadagi inglizcha so'zlar

To become less strong.

The storm finally abated.

A departure from what is normal or expected.

The low score was an aberration, not a trend.

To hate something very strongly.

She abhors cruelty to animals in any form.

Rude and unkind in manner.

His abrasive style made him unpopular with staff.

To make something more noticeable.

The dark colours accentuate the small size of the room.

Praise or an award given for an achievement.

The film received many accolades from critics.

The fact of being responsible to others.

Leaders must maintain accountability.

Official recognition of an institution.

The university received international accreditation.

To accept without protest.

He acquiesced to the decision.

Bitter and angry feeling in words or manner.

The divorce was settled quickly and without any acrimony.

The ability to make good judgements quickly.

Her business acumen turned a small shop into a chain.

Inserting needles to treat illness.

Acupuncture is used for pain relief.

To warn or criticise gently.

The coach admonished the team.

Planting trees on barren land.

Afforestation helps fight climate change.

A demographic with many elderly people.

Aging populations strain pension systems.

Quick and cheerful willingness.

She accepted with alacrity.

To mention something in an indirect way.

She alluded to financial problems without giving any details.

As another option.

Alternatively, you can submit online.

To combine into one structure.

The two companies amalgamated.

Make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better.

The government took steps to ameliorate living conditions.

The act of making something larger.

Amplification of the problem is necessary.

Strong dislike or hostility toward someone.

There was open animosity between the two rival coaches.

To take control of a territory by force.

The empire annexed several neighbouring regions after the war.

The study of human societies and cultures.

She studied anthropology at university.

Something that removes the effect of something bad.

Laughter can be a powerful antidote to stress.

The exact opposite of something.

Haste is the antithesis of care.

To arrest someone for a crime.

Police apprehended the suspect near the border.

Training by working with an expert.

He completed an apprenticeship in carpentry.

Close to the actual but not exact.

The approximate distance is 500 kilometers.

The act of expressing ideas clearly.

Articulation of ideas improves communication.

Intelligence demonstrated by machines.

AI is transforming healthcare.

Showing great care and effort.

He is an assiduous researcher.

The process of becoming absorbed.

Immigrant assimilation takes time.

Able to judge situations quickly.

An astute observer noticed it.

Overlaying digital content on reality.

Augmented reality enhances shopping experiences.

Plain and strict, without comfort or decoration.

The monks lived an austere life in the mountains.

The quality of being genuine.

Authenticity in art is valued by critics.

Enforcing strict obedience.

Authoritarian leaders suppress dissent.

Self-directed independent learning.

Universities promote autonomous learning.

Boring because it is too common.

The speech was utterly banal.

A place or group that strongly defends something.

The university was a bastion of free thought.

Study of psychological influences on decisions.

Behavioral economics challenges classical theory.

To give a false impression.

His calm belied real anxiety.

To leave property to someone after you die.

She bequeathed her library to the local school.

Combining online and face-to-face teaching.

Blended learning offers flexibility.

Something that spoils or damages things.

Unemployment remains a blight on the region.

The quality of being short.

Brevity strengthens an argument.

Man-made surroundings.

The built environment affects mental health.

Honest and direct in speech.

She gave a candid interview.

To enable or provide capacity.

Training capacitates workers.

To stop resisting and accept defeat.

The government refused to capitulate to the strikers' demands.

Changing suddenly and without clear reason.

The weather in the mountains is capricious.

A gas produced by burning carbon.

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is urgent.

Producing no net carbon emissions.

The company aims to be carbon neutral.

Relating to the heart and blood vessels.

Cardiovascular exercise strengthens the heart.

The relationship between cause and effect.

Establish causality before drawing conclusions.

To give up land or power to another.

The country ceded control of the island after the war.

Strong and formal criticism or disapproval.

The senator faced public censure for his remarks.

A persistent lack of something.

There is a chronic shortage of nurses.

The arrangement of events in time.

Understand the chronology of the war.

Participation in community activities.

Civic engagement strengthens democracy.

Freedoms protecting individuals from government.

Civil liberties must be protected.

Voluntary civic organizations of the public.

Civil society plays a role in democracy.

A loud demand or protest from many people.

There is growing clamour for reform of the pension system.

Person displaced by climate effects.

Climate refugees require international aid.

On-demand access to computing resources.

Cloud computing enables remote work.

Clear, logical and convincing.

She made a cogent case.

The mental process of gaining knowledge and understanding.

Research links regular exercise to better cognition.

Systematic error in thinking.

Cognitive biases affect decision-making.

Mental discomfort from conflicting beliefs.

Cognitive dissonance occurs when actions conflict with beliefs.

Mental effort required to process information.

Reduce cognitive load for better learning.

Fully aware of something and its importance.

Managers must be cognizant of the risks involved.

Coordinated effort by a group.

Collective action solves shared problems.

To recall and show respect for.

We commemorate the fallen soldiers.

Treating something as a commercial product.

Commodification of education is debated.

Intended to compensate for loss.

Compensatory measures were introduced.

Combining in a way that enhances.

The two strategies are complementary.

To form a concept or idea of something.

Conceptualize the problem before solving it.

Intended to make people less angry.

He adopted a conciliatory tone after the argument.

Happening at the same time as something else.

Economic growth brought a concomitant rise in pollution.

Behaving as if you are better than others.

His condescending tone annoyed the whole team.

The arrangement of parts.

The system configuration was updated.

To combine two different things wrongly.

Do not conflate cause and effect.

An uncontrolled factor affecting results.

A confound variable can distort findings.

Ability to connect to the internet.

Good connectivity is essential for remote work.

Notably large in size or extent.

There has been considerable progress in AI.

Greatly in amount or size.

Performance improved considerably.

The process of making something stronger.

Consolidation of knowledge requires practice.

A feeling of shock and worry.

The news caused consternation among local residents.

A plan for possible future problems.

Always have a contingency plan.

Mutually opposed or inconsistent.

The evidence was contradictory.

Extremely complex and difficult to follow.

The plot of the film was too convoluted to follow.

Very large in quantity.

He took copious notes.

Key skills of an organization.

Identify your organization's core competencies.

In a way that matches something else.

Prices rose sharply, and demand fell correspondingly in the following months.

Weighing the pros and cons.

Conduct a cost-benefit analysis first.

Having the opposite effect to the one intended.

Excessive testing can be counterproductive.

Completely lacking courage.

It was a craven retreat.

The quality of being trusted.

Your credibility depends on honesty.

Involving different cultures.

Cross-cultural communication is essential.

With a hidden meaning that is difficult to understand.

She left a cryptic message on the door.

Increasing by successive additions.

The cumulative effect of pollution is severe.

Done quickly without much care or attention.

A cursory glance at the report showed several errors.

Protection from digital attacks.

Cybersecurity is critical for businesses.

Protection of personal information.

Data privacy laws protect citizens.

In reality, whether or not officially recognised.

He became the de facto leader of the movement.

A lack of something that is needed.

There is a dearth of qualified teachers in rural areas.

A complete and humiliating failure.

The election result was a debacle for the party.

To show that a belief is false.

The study debunks the myth.

Transfer of power from central to local.

Decentralization improves local governance.

Decline in decision quality after choices.

Decision fatigue affects judgment.

Swift and clear action.

Decisive action prevented the crisis.

Polite, correct and respectful behaviour in public.

Visitors are expected to behave with decorum.

Polite respect for another's view.

He spoke with deference.

Causing progressive loss of function.

Alzheimer's is a degenerative disease.

Long and careful consideration.

After deliberation, she made her choice.

To describe something precisely.

The report delineates each stage.

To search deeply for information about something.

The documentary delves into the causes of the financial crisis.

The way a person behaves and appears to others.

His calm demeanour reassured the nervous passengers.

Statistical data about a population.

The demographic shift affects education needs.

Economic benefit from age structure.

Education is key to demographic dividends.

To make something easier to understand.

The book aims to demystify modern economics.

A recognized religious group.

Several denominations attended the event.

Deserving strong disapproval; very bad.

Prisoners were kept in truly deplorable conditions for years.

To mock someone or something as foolish.

Critics derided the plan as a waste of money.

The process by which land becomes desert.

Desertification threatens food security.

Feeling very sad and without hope.

He grew despondent after months without work.

Having no money or possessions at all.

The war left thousands of families destitute.

To make something seem less valuable.

Minor errors do not detract from the book's quality.

A country with lower development.

Developing nations need investment.

A large group of people living away from their homeland.

The Uzbek diaspora sends money home to relatives.

Intended to teach a lesson.

The novel is rather didactic.

The action of making differences.

Product differentiation helps in competition.

Gap between those with and without internet.

The digital divide affects rural communities.

Ability to use digital technologies.

Digital literacy is essential today.

Relating to discipline or punishment.

A disciplinary hearing was held.

Disagreement or conflict between people or groups.

Political discord made it hard to pass any laws.

Left to individual choice.

Discretionary spending was reduced.

Unjust treatment of different categories of people.

Discrimination based on race is illegal.

A feeling that someone is unworthy of respect.

He looked at the cheap hotel with open disdain.

Disappointed because something is not as good as believed.

Many voters are disillusioned with the political system.

To speak about something as being of little value.

Critics often disparage popular fiction as shallow.

Very different in kind.

The team has disparate skills.

A great difference.

Regional disparity remains wide.

To get rid of something that you no longer want.

Hazardous waste must be disposed of safely.

Too large or small in comparison.

The punishment was disproportionate to the crime.

To disappear or make something disappear gradually.

The fog dissipated slowly as the sun rose.

To persuade someone not to do something.

Nothing could dissuade her from applying for the job.

Means by which products reach consumers.

Online stores are a new distribution channel.

The most powerful culture in a society.

English is the dominant culture in business.

The prevailing story in society.

Challenging dominant narratives promotes equity.

Balance between changing forces.

Markets seek dynamic equilibrium.

Taken from many different sources.

Her taste in music is eclectic.

Relating to ecology.

Ecological damage takes decades to repair.

The branch of biology studying ecosystems.

Ecology examines how species interact.

Person moving for economic reasons.

Economic migrants seek better opportunities.

To reduce expenditure.

Economize to save for the future.

Breakdown of a biological community.

Ecosystem collapse threatens biodiversity.

Benefits provided by ecosystems.

Forests provide vital ecosystem services.

In a way that produces results.

Use your time effectively.

Believing in equal rights for all.

An egalitarian society provides equal opportunity.

Outstandingly bad.

That was an egregious error.

The process of adding detail to something.

Provide elaboration to support your claim.

Method of conducting elections.

The electoral system shapes political power.

To make something clear.

Please elucidate the second point.

To come out from a source.

A strange smell emanated from the kitchen.

The act of being freed from restrictions.

Women's emancipation was a 20th century struggle.

An official ban on trade with a country.

The embargo has hurt the country's economy badly.

To make a story more interesting with invented details.

He embellished his story to impress the audience.

Research based on observation.

Empirical research supports the theory.

To summarize or enclose in a concise form.

This sentence encapsulates the main idea.

To cause a feeling or situation to exist.

Inequality can engender resentment and social unrest.

Mysterious and hard to understand.

He gave an enigmatic smile.

The activity of setting up businesses.

Entrepreneurship drives economic growth.

Deterioration of the environment.

Environmental degradation threatens health.

Equitable distribution of environmental burdens.

Environmental justice movements demand change.

Lasting for a very short time.

Online fame is ephemeral.

The state of being equal in rights.

Gender equality benefits entire societies.

Fair opportunity for all to use.

Equitable access to healthcare is needed.

Open to more than one reading.

The answer was equivocal.

To destroy completely.

We must eradicate corruption.

Having deep knowledge from study.

The professor is highly erudite.

To deliberately avoid or give up something.

He eschews social media and meets friends in person.

Understood by only a small group of people.

The lecture dealt with esoteric points of philosophy.

To support an idea or belief publicly.

The party espouses the values of equality and justice.

Buying products made responsibly.

Ethical consumption reduces harm.

A conflict of moral choices.

Doctors often face ethical dilemmas.

A set of moral principles.

Apply an ethical framework to decisions.

The characteristic beliefs and values of a group.

The school has a strong ethos of mutual respect.

The study of the origin of words.

Etymology reveals how language evolves.

A feeling of intense happiness and excitement.

The crowd was in a state of euphoria after the win.

Based on evidence and research.

Use evidence-based approaches in medicine.

To make someone extremely annoyed.

Constant delays exasperated the passengers waiting at the gate.

Serving as an excellent model.

Her conduct was exemplary.

Making you feel very happy and full of energy.

Skiing down the mountain was an exhilarating experience.

A situation in which many people leave a place.

There was a mass exodus from the city during the war.

To officially say that someone is not to blame.

DNA evidence exonerated the man after ten years in prison.

Much higher than is reasonable.

Tourists complained about the exorbitant price of water.

Practical and useful, but not always fair.

The cheaper option was expedient but not very wise.

To praise something highly.

Critics extolled the design.

Outside the normal school curriculum.

Extracurricular activities build soft skills.

To extend conclusions beyond known data.

We can extrapolate future trends from this data.

Full of energy, excitement and cheerfulness.

The exuberant crowd cheered as the team arrived.

A false appearance hiding the real situation.

Behind the cheerful facade, the family was struggling.

The action of making something easier.

Facilitation of trade boosts economies.

Very attentive to detail.

He is fastidious about grammar.

To understand something after thinking hard about it.

I cannot fathom why he made such a decision.

Analysis of a project's viability.

Conduct a feasibility study before investing.

Showing very strong and sincere feeling.

She is a fervent supporter of animal rights.

Changing often and without good reason.

Fashion is fickle and trends vanish quickly.

Skill and delicacy in handling a situation.

She handled the delicate negotiation with great finesse.

Government spending and tax decisions.

Fiscal policy stimulates the economy.

Shocking because so obvious and without shame.

This is a flagrant violation of international law.

Brightly coloured or confident in an attention-seeking way.

The singer is known for his flamboyant costumes.

To openly ignore a rule or law.

Drivers who flout the law will be fined.

Reliable access to sufficient food.

Food security is a global challenge.

To prevent something by acting first.

The bank raised rates to forestall rising inflation.

To go without something you would normally have.

Many families forgo holidays to save for education.

Direct and honest in what you say.

She was forthright about her doubts over the plan.

Courage and strength in facing pain or difficulty.

She faced her illness with remarkable fortitude.

Happening by lucky chance.

The meeting was entirely fortuitous.

The point at which a plan or idea becomes real.

After years of work, the project finally came to fruition.

To shock or excite people into taking action.

The tragedy galvanized the community into demanding change.

The complete range of something.

The course covers the whole gamut of modern art.

Talking too much.

The garrulous guide tired us.

To make a general statement from particular cases.

Don't generalize from a single example.

Relating to a generation.

Generational differences affect workplace culture.

Renovation of poor areas attracting wealthy residents.

Gentrification displaces low-income families.

Relevant to the subject.

That point is not germane.

Temporary contract-based work.

The gig economy offers flexibility.

To cause something to happen.

Poverty gives rise to many problems.

The worldwide system of trade.

The global economy is interconnected.

Collective management of global issues.

Global governance requires cooperation.

The process of international integration.

Globalization has both benefits and drawbacks.

To avoid discussing something unpleasant in detail.

The report glosses over the serious flaws in the plan.

How an organization is governed.

A clear governance structure improves accountability.

Movement organized from the community up.

Grassroots movements drove civil rights change.

Pleasure obtained from satisfaction.

Immediate gratification hinders long-term success.

Done without good reason and often harmful.

The film was criticised for its gratuitous violence.

Economy reducing environmental impact.

Transition to a green economy is urgent.

Enjoying the company of other people.

She is gregarious and makes friends wherever she goes.

Total value of goods produced in a country.

GDP measures economic output.

Innovative and pioneering.

A groundbreaking study changed the field.

Behavioral processes in a group.

Understanding group dynamics improves teamwork.

Overused and no longer interesting.

Avoid hackneyed phrases.

To discuss something in detail until you agree.

The two sides met to hash out a compromise.

Differences in health outcomes between groups.

Address health disparities through policy.

Political or economic control by one country or group.

The empire maintained hegemony over the region for centuries.

Extremely evil, cruel and shocking to everyone.

He was convicted of a heinous crime.

From this moment onward, as a rule.

Henceforth, all reports must be submitted in digital form.

Made up of different kinds of things.

The city has a heterogeneous population of many cultures.

Implicit lessons learned in school.

The hidden curriculum shapes values.

An organizational ranking system.

A hierarchical structure clarifies roles.

Up to this point in time.

The method was hitherto unknown to researchers.

To require responsibility.

Leaders must be held accountable.

Education focusing on the whole person.

Holistic education includes social skills.

The quality of being the same.

Cultural homogeneity can reduce creativity.

To make uniform.

Globalization tends to homogenize cultures.

To improve a skill over time.

Daily practice helped her hone her speaking skills.

People's skills and knowledge as economic assets.

Invest in human capital for long-term growth.

Concerned with human welfare.

Humanitarian aid reached disaster victims.

A crisis affecting basic human welfare.

The conflict caused a humanitarian crisis.

Deliberate and obvious exaggeration used for effect.

His claim that he waited forever was pure hyperbole.

Statistical method to evaluate predictions.

Hypothesis testing validates the model.

To form a hypothesis.

Scientists hypothesize about causes.

Based on a supposed situation.

Answer this hypothetical question.

A person who attacks common beliefs.

He is an iconoclast in economics.

Relating to a system of ideas.

Ideological differences cause political conflict.

A system of ideas that form a political theory.

Different ideologies shape government policies.

A strange habit or feature typical of one person.

Every writer has a few idiosyncrasies of style.

Extremely peaceful, beautiful and perfect.

They spent a week in an idyllic village by the sea.

Inability to read or write.

Illiteracy limits economic opportunities.

The process of making immune.

Childhood immunization prevents many diseases.

Not favouring either side.

An impartial judge is essential.

A situation where no progress is possible.

Talks reached an impasse over the question of wages.

Of vital importance; an urgent requirement.

It is imperative to act now.

A force that makes something happen.

Reform gave impetus to trade.

The process of putting a plan into effect.

Implementation of the plan began immediately.

Freedom from punishment or bad results.

Criminals operated with impunity because the police were corrupt.

Not sufficient for a particular purpose.

The current infrastructure is inadequate.

Not done on purpose.

It was an inadvertent omission.

Used with "as" to give a reason or limit a statement.

The theory is useful inasmuch as it explains past behaviour.

To officially start a new organisation or building.

The president inaugurated the new bridge yesterday.

To put someone in prison.

The country incarcerates more people than any other nation.

To motivate through rewards.

Incentivize employees with bonuses.

Continuing without pause, often in an annoying way.

Incessant noise from the street kept her awake.

Burning waste at high temperature.

Waste incineration reduces landfill.

Showing clear sharp thinking.

She wrote an incisive review.

To encourage people to behave violently.

He was charged with inciting racial hatred.

Economic growth benefiting all.

Inclusive growth reduces inequality.

Unequal distribution of income.

Income inequality is rising globally.

The condition of being incompatible.

There is an incompatibility between the two systems.

Out of place or not fitting.

The tower looks incongruous here.

The state of being inconsistent.

Inconsistency in data undermines results.

Currently holding an official position.

The incumbent president is seeking a second term.

Impossible to remove or forget.

The trip left an indelible memory.

To formally charge someone with a serious crime.

Prosecutors indicted the banker on charges of fraud.

Not open to question.

The evidence is indisputable.

Development of industries.

Industrialization transformed economies.

Too great to be described.

The view was almost ineffable.

Failure to make best use of resources.

Bureaucratic inefficiency slows progress.

Having no skill; clumsy at doing something.

The inept handling of the crisis angered voters.

Continuing without any chance of being stopped.

The inexorable rise of sea levels threatens many cities.

Never wrong and never failing.

No expert is infallible, and mistakes happen.

Well known for something bad.

The prison was infamous for its harsh conditions.

Unregulated economic activity.

Many workers operate in the informal economy.

Not harmful at all.

The question seemed innocuous.

Creating new and original ideas.

Innovative thinking drives progress.

Harmful in a slow hidden way.

Debt is an insidious problem.

To suggest something unpleasant in an indirect way.

Are you insinuating that I cheated on the exam?

To the degree that something is true.

The plan works insofar as the funding lasts.

A person fighting against a government or authority.

Insurgents attacked the army base at dawn.

Too great to be overcome.

The language barrier proved an insurmountable obstacle.

Legal rights to creative works.

Protect your intellectual property.

Relating to different cultures.

Intercultural exchange broadens perspectives.

Dependence of two or more people on each other.

Global interdependence means crises spread quickly.

Relating to multiple disciplines.

Interdisciplinary research solves complex problems.

Occurring between generations.

Intergenerational poverty is hard to break.

An explanation of the meaning.

Different interpretations exist for this text.

Multiple overlapping identities shaping experience.

Intersectionality reveals complex discrimination.

Refusing to change an opinion.

Both sides remain intransigent.

Harsh, insulting and abusive language used against someone.

The debate soon descended into bitter personal invective and shouting.

Impossible to deny.

The evidence was irrefutable.

Not able to be undone.

Climate change has irreversible consequences.

Growth of high and low skill jobs, decline of middle.

Automation causes job polarization.

Feeling or showing great happiness about a success.

Jubilant fans poured into the streets after the match.

Courts free from political interference.

Judicial independence protects rights.

Showing good judgement and sense.

A judicious use of resources saved the project.

To place things side by side.

The film juxtaposes past and present.

The fact of two things being placed close together with contrasting effect.

The artist used the juxtaposition of bright colors and dark shadows to create tension.

Economy based on knowledge production.

The knowledge economy values education.

Using very few words.

His laconic reply ended the debate.

Solving problems with creative approaches.

Lateral thinking finds unexpected solutions.

The result expected from learning.

Define clear learning outcomes.

Conformity to the law or to rules.

The election's legitimacy was questioned.

Having no energy or enthusiasm.

The heat made everyone feel lethargic all afternoon.

Humour in a situation that is serious.

A moment of levity relieved the tension in the room.

Average years a person is expected to live.

Life expectancy has risen globally.

Continuous pursuit of knowledge.

Encourage lifelong learning habits.

Very high or noble in aim or character.

She set herself the lofty goal of ending poverty.

Relating to the development over time.

A longitudinal study tracks participants for years.

Clear and easy to understand.

The explanation was lucid.

AI systems that improve from experience.

Machine learning powers recommendation systems.

Generous towards a rival.

He was magnanimous in victory.

The great size or extent of something.

The magnitude of the problem was underestimated.

Easily shaped or influenced.

Young minds are malleable.

A visible display of an idea.

Fever is a manifestation of infection.

Controlling in a clever or unscrupulous way.

Media manipulation affects public opinion.

To treat as unimportant or peripheral.

Women were historically marginalized in politics.

When markets allocate inefficiently.

Market failure justifies regulation.

An independent person who does not follow the group.

She is a maverick who ignores conventional wisdom.

Small in quantity and not enough.

Workers survived on meagre wages and little food.

A deep, quiet sadness with no clear cause.

A feeling of melancholy came over him in autumn.

Changing mood or mind quickly and unpredictably.

The mercurial director was loved and feared by actors.

System rewarding talent and effort.

Meritocracy values achievement over background.

Statistical analysis of multiple studies.

A meta-analysis combined fifty studies.

A system of methods used in research.

Explain your research methodology clearly.

Extreme attention to detail.

Her meticulousness saved the project.

False or inaccurate information.

Misinformation spreads fast on social media.

Economy combining private and state ownership.

Most countries have a mixed economy.

The process of adapting to modern needs.

Rapid modernization changed rural areas.

Central bank management of money supply.

Monetary policy controls inflation.

A duty based on ethics.

Protecting nature is a moral obligation.

Principles concerning right and wrong.

Morality guides ethical decision-making.

An official pause on an activity.

Parliament imposed a moratorium on new nuclear plants.

Bad-tempered, gloomy and unwilling to speak much.

He sat morose and silent through dinner.

The number of deaths in a population.

Child mortality rates have declined.

A society with diverse cultural groups.

We live in a multicultural society.

The presence of multiple cultures in a society.

Multiculturalism enriches society.

Having many aspects.

The issue is multifaceted and complex.

Advantage shared by both parties.

Trade creates mutual benefit.

A very large number.

There are myriad possibilities.

Technology at an atomic scale.

Nanotechnology has medical applications.

Earth's natural resources and processes.

Protect natural capital for the future.

Unclear and vague.

The plan remains nebulous.

Economic policy emphasizing free market.

Neoliberalism shaped global trade in the 1990s.

Favouring relatives when giving jobs.

Nepotism in the firm angered qualified applicants.

A computing system modeled on the brain.

Neural networks power voice assistants.

The study of the nervous system.

Neurology advances help treat strokes.

The state of not supporting either side.

Switzerland is known for its neutrality.

Organization independent of government.

NGOs provide humanitarian aid.

Not replaceable once used.

Non-renewable resources will eventually run out.

Calm and seeming not to care.

He shrugged in a nonchalant way and walked off.

The process of making something standard.

Normalization of data is essential in statistics.

In spite of something; despite a factor.

Notwithstanding the cost, the project went ahead as planned.

The default hypothesis of no effect.

Reject the null hypothesis with evidence.

To make something unclear on purpose.

Jargon obfuscates the message.

In a way not influenced by feelings.

Assess the situation objectively.

Indirect and not stated clearly.

She made an oblique reference to his past mistakes.

To destroy something so completely that nothing remains.

The storm obliterated the village in a few hours.

The process of becoming outdated.

Technology faces rapid obsolescence.

No longer used or useful.

The format became obsolete.

Using as a foundation.

Select candidates on the basis of merit.

Needing a great deal of effort or work.

Small firms find the new rules onerous to follow.

Software managing computer hardware.

Windows is a popular operating system.

The value of the next best alternative.

The opportunity cost of university is work experience.

The best possible circumstances.

Plants grow best under optimal conditions.

Very rich, luxurious and expensive in appearance.

The hotel's opulent lobby has marble floors and chandeliers.

The ability to think creatively.

Originality is valued in academic writing.

Stated as true but perhaps not.

The ostensible reason was cost.

Apparently, but perhaps not in reality.

He travelled to Paris, ostensibly on business.

To deliberately exclude someone from a group.

He was ostracized by his colleagues after the scandal.

Done openly rather than secretly.

There was no overt hostility at the meeting.

So strong it can almost be felt.

The tension was palpable.

Something believed to solve all problems.

Technology is not a panacea for every social problem.

A state of wild and noisy confusion.

Pandemonium broke out when the fire alarm sounded.

Seeming to contradict itself.

It is a paradoxical result.

A person who is a perfect example of a quality.

She was a paragon of honesty and patience.

Extremely unwilling to spend money.

The parsimonious owner refused to repair the roof.

Citizens directly involved in decisions.

Participatory democracy gives voice to all.

Tiny particles in the air.

Particulate matter causes lung disease.

To treat someone as if they are less intelligent.

Do not patronize the readers by over-explaining everything.

A very small amount of something.

There is a paucity of data.

Relating to teaching methods.

Pedagogical approaches should engage students.

Expressing disapproval or a low opinion.

The term was once used in a pejorative sense.

A strong liking for something.

He has a penchant for expensive watches.

Average income per person.

Per capita income measures living standards.

By or in itself; considered alone.

Wealth per se does not guarantee happiness.

Done quickly without care or interest.

He gave the report only a perfunctory glance.

Causing serious harm gradually.

Misinformation has a pernicious effect.

Directly relevant.

Ask pertinent questions only.

To spread through and be present in every part.

A sense of calm pervaded the whole house.

A person who brings a case against someone in court.

The plaintiff claimed that the firm had broken the contract.

A large amount, often more than needed.

The internet offers a plethora of study resources.

A large number or variety.

A plurality of opinions enriches debate.

Causing a strong feeling of sadness.

The photograph was a poignant reminder of the war.

Division into two sharply contrasting groups.

Political polarization harms democracy.

Absence of effective policy.

A policy vacuum allows problems to grow.

The process of creating policies.

Evidence-based policy-making improves outcomes.

Interaction of politics and economics.

Political economy explains trade policy.

All the people who will live in the future.

The documents were carefully preserved for posterity in the archive.

Dealing with things practically.

Take a pragmatic approach.

Not safe or certain.

Their finances are precarious.

Act cautiously when facing uncertainty.

The precautionary principle guides policy.

To cause something to happen suddenly or too soon.

The scandal precipitated the minister's sudden resignation last week.

To prevent something from happening.

The rules preclude late entry.

The state of being dominant.

The predominance of English in academia.

Mainly; for the most part.

The country is predominantly agricultural.

Completely unreasonable, absurd and hard to take seriously.

The idea that he stole the car is preposterous.

Something required as a condition.

Math is a prerequisite for this course.

Behaving with too much confidence and no respect.

It would be presumptuous to speak for everyone.

Trying to seem more important or clever than you are.

The restaurant was expensive and rather pretentious.

A false reason used to hide the real one.

He used illness as a pretext to avoid the meeting.

Very great in size or ability.

He has a prodigious memory.

Given or produced in large amounts.

She offered profuse apologies for being late.

To increase rapidly in number.

Online courses proliferated.

Rapid increase in the number or amount of something.

The proliferation of artificial intelligence tools is transforming industries.

A natural tendency to behave a way.

He has a propensity for risk.

Electoral system based on vote share.

Proportional representation is fairer.

Great skill or ability in a particular area.

The team is famous for its sporting prowess.

Careful and sensible.

A prudent investor diversifies.

The scientific study of the mind.

Psychology explains human behavior.

Open discussion of public issues.

Social media shapes public discourse.

Intended to punish someone for something wrong.

The court imposed punitive damages on the company.

Ability to buy goods with income.

Inflation reduces purchasing power.

According to claims that may not be true.

The photograph was purportedly taken in 1920.

Relating to quality, not quantity.

Qualitative research explores experiences.

Analysis focused on non-numerical data.

Qualitative analysis reveals motivations.

A state of not knowing what to do.

She was in a quandary over which offer to accept.

Relating to quantity or amount.

Quantitative data shows measurable trends.

Analysis using numerical data.

Quantitative analysis shows trends.

Being the most typical example.

It is the quintessential folk song.

Targeting based on race.

Racial profiling violates civil rights.

The official approval of an agreement.

The treaty awaits ratification by both parties.

Organization according to rational principles.

The restructuring involved rationalization of costs.

To justify logically.

He rationalized his decision.

To refuse an offer or request in an unfriendly way.

She rebuffed all attempts to contact her.

To criticise someone sharply for their behaviour.

The minister was publicly rebuked for his remarks.

Refusing to obey rules or follow orders.

The recalcitrant student ignored every warning from his teachers.

The process of making things compatible.

Reconciliation requires compromise from both sides.

Distribution to new or different places.

Wealth redistribution reduces inequality.

Replanting trees in deforested areas.

Reforestation restores ecosystems.

Large-scale displacement of people.

The refugee crisis requires global response.

To regrow or be reborn.

Forests can regenerate if protected.

System of rules governing an area.

A clear regulatory framework prevents fraud.

Restoration to health or normal life.

Physical rehabilitation helped him recover.

In comparison with something else.

The cost is relatively low.

Payment for work or services.

The job offers generous remuneration and extra holidays.

Energy from natural replenishable sources.

Renewable energy reduces dependence on oil.

Deserving strong criticism because it is morally wrong.

Such cruel behaviour is morally reprehensible and cannot be excused.

The action of speaking or acting on behalf.

Political representation ensures democracy.

A delay or cancellation of something unpleasant.

The rain gave farmers a brief reprieve from the drought.

To refuse to accept something as true or valid.

The minister repudiated the claims as total lies.

To officially cancel a decision.

The order was rescinded.

Study of adapting to adversity.

Resilience theory informs disaster management.

Distribution of available assets.

Efficient resource allocation is critical.

Unwilling to say what you think or feel.

He was reticent about his personal life.

To give new life to something.

Revitalize the economy through investment.

Intended to impress or persuade rather than to inform.

"Who cares?" is a rhetorical question, not a real one.

Very common, especially of something bad.

The city was rife with rumours about the mayor.

A serious break in a relationship.

The disagreement caused a deep rift between the partners.

Framing development in terms of rights.

A rights-based approach ensures dignity.

Identifying potential risks.

Conduct a risk assessment before proceeding.

A strong and resilient economy.

A robust economy creates jobs.

A set of rules or criteria for assessing work.

The teacher gave students the marking rubric in advance.

Basic; not highly developed.

He has a rudimentary knowledge of law.

Most noticeable or important.

List the salient points.

Cheerful and hopeful about the future.

Experts are sanguine about next year's economic growth.

Showing very strong and harsh criticism of something.

The newspaper published a scathing attack on the policy.

A split in an organisation or group.

The dispute caused a schism within the party.

Very careful to do things correctly and honestly.

The accountant was scrupulous about keeping accurate records.

The right to decide one's own path.

Self-determination is a human right.

Control of one's own behavior.

Self-regulation is key to success.

Able to supply one's needs.

Become self-sufficient in energy.

Material conducting electricity partially.

Semiconductors are essential in electronics.

Able to see, feel and experience things.

Humans are not the only sentient beings.

Finding good things by chance.

The discovery was pure serendipity.

In a noteworthy manner.

Sales increased significantly.

At the same time.

She managed two projects simultaneously.

Networks providing social benefits.

Social capital facilitates cooperation.

Unity and shared values in society.

Social cohesion is vital for stability.

Agreement between citizens and government.

The social contract obliges governments.

Marginalization from society.

Address social exclusion through policy.

Movement between social classes.

Education promotes upward social mobility.

Ranking of people in social hierarchy.

Social stratification affects opportunities.

Relating to social and economic factors.

Socioeconomic inequality is widespread.

Position based on income and education.

Socioeconomic status shapes life outcomes.

Unity or agreement of feeling.

International solidarity helps developing nations.

Developed to a high degree of complexity.

This technology is highly sophisticated.

In a precise manner.

She specifically asked for your help.

Indirect effects on other areas.

Economic crises have spillover effects.

False, though seeming genuine.

The claim rests on spurious data.

Identifying those affected by a decision.

Conduct a stakeholder analysis early.

The process of making things uniform.

Standardization ensures consistent quality.

Very loyal and firm in your opinions.

He is a staunch supporter of the local team.

To encourage development.

Investment stimulates economic growth.

Accepting pain or bad luck without complaining.

She remained stoic during the long and painful treatment.

The arrangement of society into layers.

Social stratification affects opportunities.

Strict and demanding.

Stringent rules apply here.

Economic reforms required by lenders.

Structural adjustment programs cut spending.

Fundamental change to a system.

Structural change in education is needed.

Inequality built into social systems.

Structural inequality persists across generations.

Quality of being based on personal opinion.

Subjectivity in art allows for interpretation.

Of very high quality that fills you with wonder.

The view from the mountain was truly sublime.

Lower in rank or position.

She manages a team of subordinate staff.

Expressed clearly in few words.

Keep the summary succinct.

More than is needed.

Delete superfluous adjectives.

To take the place of something or someone.

Electric cars may soon supplant petrol engines.

Done secretly so that others do not notice.

She took a surreptitious look at his phone.

Development meeting present and future needs.

Sustainable development balances economy and ecology.

Involving a close relationship that benefits both sides.

Bees and flowers have a symbiotic relationship.

Fundamental change to a system.

Systemic change requires political will.

Understood without being said.

There was tacit approval.

Knowledge difficult to express formally.

Tacit knowledge comes from experience.

Saying very little and seeming unfriendly.

The taciturn farmer rarely spoke to his neighbours.

To consider when making decisions.

Take all factors into account.

Real and able to be touched.

We need tangible results.

Having the same serious effect as something worse.

Resigning now would be tantamount to admitting guilt.

To make use of a source of energy or ideas.

Companies are trying to tap into the youth market.

Belief that technology shapes society.

Technological determinism is a debated concept.

Very weak or slight.

The link is rather tenuous.

Using few words in a way that seems unfriendly.

She sent a terse reply to the complaint.

From that time onward; after the time mentioned.

He left school at sixteen and worked on farms thereafter.

A long angry speech of criticism.

He launched into a tirade about the government.

Comfort with uncertainty.

Tolerance for ambiguity is needed in research.

Starting from senior management.

A top-down approach centralizes decisions.

Leadership inspiring change.

Transformational leadership motivates teams.

Causing significant change.

Education is transformative.

Open government practices.

Transparency in governance builds trust.

Study of patterns over time.

Trend analysis predicts market behavior.

A feeling of fear about something that may happen.

She opened the exam paper with trepidation.

Theory that benefits to rich help poor.

Trickle-down economics is disputed.

Found everywhere.

Smartphones are now ubiquitous.

Finally; in the end.

Ultimately, hard work leads to success.

Not controlled or limited in any way.

The film shows unbridled greed and ambition in the business world.

Insufficient representation of a group.

Women face underrepresentation in leadership.

Completely clear and firm.

She gave an unequivocal answer.

Regular payment to all citizens.

Universal basic income is increasingly debated.

Difficult to move or manage because of size or weight.

The software became unwieldy as new features were added.

The process of becoming more urban.

Rapid urbanization creates housing shortages.

Speed of urban population growth.

The urbanization rate is rising in Asia.

To mark the start of a new period.

The invention of the printing press ushered in a new era.

The belief that actions are right if they benefit most.

Utilitarianism shapes healthcare resource decisions.

To change often between opinions or actions.

He vacillated for weeks before accepting the job.

Showing very strong feeling.

He made a vehement protest.

Using too many words.

The introduction is verbose.

The process of establishing truth or accuracy.

Independent verification of data is essential.

Personal stake in a decision.

Lobbyists often have vested interests.

A small part or trace of something that existed before.

Not a vestige of the old castle remains.

To say very bad things about someone.

The press vilified him after the scandal.

To prove somebody was right.

Later results vindicated her.

Strongly wanting to harm someone who has hurt you.

She was vindictive and never forgave a slight.

Computer-generated simulation of reality.

Virtual reality is used in medical training.

Extremely harmful or bitter in effect.

A virulent strain of the virus spread across the country.

Expressing opinions in a loud and forceful way.

The plan faced vociferous opposition from residents.

Changing quickly and unpredictably.

The market is volatile.

Susceptibility to harm or attack.

Children have greater vulnerability to disease.

Government providing social protection.

The welfare state supports vulnerable citizens.

Person exposing wrongdoing.

Whistle-blowers require legal protection.

To gradually reduce something in size or number.

Judges whittled the list down to five finalists.

In connection with.

With regard to education, more funding is needed.

Showing great energy for a cause.

He is a zealous reformer.

The time when something is at its most successful.

The empire reached its zenith in the sixteenth century.

Situation where one gain equals another loss.

Competition is not always a zero-sum game.